Submission
III Enhanced action on mitigation on climate change A. : Measurable, reportable and verifiable nationally appropriate mitigation commitments or actions, including quantified emission limitation and reduction objectives, by all developed country Parties, while ensuring the comparability of efforts among them, taking into account differences in their national circumstances; 33. On leadership of emission reductions Developed country Parties should take the lead on addressing climate change, specifically in their commitment to reduce GHG emissions based on the principle of historical responsibility. 34. On the nature of national mitigation commitments or actions by developed countries Commitments made under 1(b)(i) should be based on a legally binding instrument that implements the Bali Action Plan. Economic instruments to address demand side management will be essential in achieving substantial emission reductions. These include taxes on carbon intensive activities, ecolabelling, appliance standards, fuel efficiency standards, the removal of subsidies for fossil fuels and the creation of incentives for the uptake of renewable energy and for the implementation of energy efficient measures. Technologies that increase dependency on carbon intensive fuel sources should be discouraged. Technologies that generate hazards to human health and/or the environment, such as nuclear power, should not be included in the energy mix. 35. On the quantification of national actions and commitments by developed countries: Quantified emission limitation objectives by developed country Parties should be comparable with commitments taken by Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol. Stabilization of atmospheric GHGs should be well below 350ppm CO2 eq. Temperature limits compared with pre-industrial levels should peak well below 1.5 deg levels. Global emissions should peak by 2015 and then reduce by more than 85% by 2050. Annex I emissions should reduce by more than 40% of their 1990 levels by 2020. Annex I emissions should reduce by more than 95% of their 1990 levels by 2050. Non Annex I as a group would need significant deviation from baseline over comparable periods 36. On comparablility of efforts and national circumstances Comparable effort should include: (i) setting targets for emission reductions with the same base year established under the Kyoto Protocol Parties; (ii) timeframes for emissions reduction should be the same for Kyoto Protocol Parties; (iii) third party review of inventories; (iv) comparable compliance requirements; Any arrangement for quantified emission limitation objectives established under 1(b)(i) should not create a mechanisms for Annex I Parties to the Kyoto Protocol to leave their obligations under the KP and take up new obligations under 1(b)(i) A base year for committing to quantified emission limitation objectives under 1(b)(i) should be similar if not the same for the base year established under the KP; Consideration would be given to having fungibility between trading mechanism established under the KP and 1(b)(i) subject to similar rules relating to measurable, reportable and verifiable being applied. Measures established under 1(b)(i) should not supersede the Kyoto Protocol. The process should not supersede or undermine the Kyoto Protocol. 37. On what needs to be measured, reported and verified: Arrangements for measuring, reporting and verifying should be similar to arrangements for QELROs under the Kyoto Protocol 38. How to measure, report and verify National inventories reported on an annual basis and verified by expert review teams B. Nationally appropriate mitigation actions by developing country Parties in the context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building, in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner; 40. On the sustainable development context of NAMAs by developing country Parties All developing countries should take action to reduce their emission trajectories, with assistance from developed country Parties, in line with their cumulative emissions, mitigation potential and opportunities, bearing in mind national circumstances and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. These countries should be prepared to purse a clean development path now up and beyond 2012 through measurable and verifiable actions that result in the significant deviation from emissions growth from business-as-usual scenarios. Renewable energy and energy efficiency policies and measures should form the central pillars of the Convention’s future climate mitigation strategy. Expanding access to renewable energy and energy efficient technologies should be the key strategy for engaging developing countries in mitigation efforts. Technologies that increase dependency on carbon intensive fuel sources should be discouraged. Technologies that generate additional or new environmental and health risk challenges for the international community, such as nuclear power, should not be included in the energy mix. 41. On the nature of NAMAs by developing countries Developing countries should take voluntary, nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) and any identified pledge to take NAMAs should be recorded in an international registry held by the UNFCCC Secretariat; For SIDS and LDCs, developing NAMAs is seen as a matter of national energy security and as a means of meeting sustainable development aspirations. Appropriate financing, technology transfer and capacity building will be required to support national energy security needs of SIDS; An incentive mechanism should be established for major emitting developing countries (based on absolute emissions) to take specific NAMAs targets. The incentive mechanism would provide appropriate financial and technical support to undertake NAMAs Funding for NAMAs for major emitting developing countries could come from innovative sources such as auctioning of AAUs All developing countries should develop NAMAs and that appropriate financial and technical support should be provided for all developing countries to implement NAMAs Within the context of NAMAs developing countries may wish to explore sectoral approaches 42. On measurement, reporting and verification of actions NAMAs for major emitting developing countries could include a verification component to allow an independent review of actions taken by these countries and to verify that the necessary financial and technical support has been provided. Appropriate benchmarks or indicators should be developed to measure progress. Each of these efforts must contribute to the overall reduction of GHG emissions in a measurable way, so that overall progress in achieving a global reduction in emissions can be assessed and effort can be compared. 43. On what needs to be measured, reported and verified in relation to actions Energy efficiency targets and renewable energy targets can form a useful mechanism for assessing progress. National renewable energy targets, accompanied by concessionary financing from the international community to assist in achieving these targets, can be helpful in addressing both climate change and sustainable development. 44. Verification of action should/could: NAMAs for major emitting developing countries should include a verification component to allow an independent review of actions taken by these countries and to verify that the necessary financial and technical support has been provided. 45. How to measure, report and verify IPCC methodologies should provide the basis for measurement, reporting and verification. Annual reports should be provided. 46. On measurement, reporting and verification of support Financial support to assist developing countries with their NAMAs should be verified by means of an international register of contributions by developed and developing countries within their respective capacities. 47. On what should be measured, reported and verified relating to support Financial contributions by developed countries and developing countries within their respective capacities. Technology transfer actions by developed countries and developing countries within their respective capacities. 48. On contributions by different groups of countries All developing countries should take action to reduce their emission trajectories, with assistance from developed country Parties, in line with their cumulative emissions, mitigation potential and opportunities, bearing in mind national circumstances and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. These countries should be prepared to pursue a clean development path now, up to and beyond 2012 through measurable and verifiable actions that result in the significant deviation from emissions growth from business-as-usual scenarios. C: Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries; 51. On the context and objectives and policy approaches and positive incentives Any consideration of all actions under the REDD agenda should ensure that there are no adverse consequences for biodiversity or for the livelihoods of indigenous peoples or local communities. 52. On the nature of policies approaches Options for exploring demand side measures relating to drivers of deforestation (e.g. export of timber and forest products) noting however possible implications for discriminatory trade measures. 53. On concrete policy approaches Forest degradation should be included in the REDD mechanism. The definition of forest degradation should relate to the loss of carbon stocks in forest land remaining forest land. Further work is required to develop methodologies for assessing degradation. Measures associated with the sustainable management of forests should be considered as an outcome of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation Measures for addressing REDD could be addressed at the national or sub-national level, although countries should be encouraged, where possible, to undertake national measures as a means of reducing the likelihood of emissions displacement within national boundaries Approaches for addressing REDD need to take in consideration issues regarding non-permanence and leakage. Approaches to establishing national reference levels should be flexible depending on national circumstances. 54. On the provision of positive incentives Financing for conservation should come from a REDD fund and also funding associated with adaptation as the conservation of forests is an adaptation strategy. 57. On capacity-building, readiness and demonstration The IPCC should be invited to assist in developing methodologies for assessing degradation. There is a need to build the capacity of developing countries so that they can actively monitor their forests and reduce their emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. D: Cooperative sectoral approaches and sector-specific actions, in order to enhance implementation of Article 4, paragraph 1(c), of the Convention; 63. On the objective of sectoral approaches and sector specific actions For developed country Parties, economic and fiscal instruments to address demand side management will be essential in achieving substantial emission reductions. These include taxes on carbon intensive activities, eco-labelling, appliance standards, fuel efficiency standards, the removal of subsidies for fossil fuels and the creation of incentives for the uptake of renewable energy and for the implementation of energy efficient measures. For developing country Parties sectoral approaches, particularly for major emitting developing countries should be developed but it should not lead to mandatory standards for developing countries. 65. On selecting sectors Priority sectors should include coal-fired power generation, cement, aluminium industry and transport. 66. On the scope of sectoral approaches and sector specific actions Accelerate progress within the ICAO and IMO to address emissions from international aviation and maritime transport, respectively, in cooperation with processes under the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. Consideration should be given to the implications for SIDS arising from proposed actions to address emissions from bunker fuels. 68. On instruments and deliver/support mechanisms There should be no mixing of KP mechanisms and Bali Action Plan mechanisms. E: Various approaches, including opportunities for using markets, to enhance the cost-effectiveness of, and to promote, mitigation actions, bearing in mind different circumstances of developed and developing countries; 71. On the role of market and market-based mechanisms For developed country Parties and for developing country Parties there should be no mixing or fungibility of market based mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol and any market mechanisms developed, if appropriate, under the Bali Action Plan. 74. On the extension, scaling up, review and improvement of the market based mechanism Supplementarity should guide approaches to offsetting mechanisms between developed country Parties and developing country Parties. 76. On the means to facilitate the implementation of NAMAs in developing countries New and innovative source of funding should be developed under the Convention for mitigation action. Developed countries Parties should pledge a certain percentage of revenue generated from national mitigation allocation schemes undertaken under the Convention. Such revenue could be generated through the auctioning of a percentage of national mitigation allocation schemes. F: Economic and social consequences of response measures; 79. Developed country Parties should be encouraged to consider implications of spillover effects (e.g. food miles, biofuels - both positive and negative) of taking mitigation actions and develop policies to minimise adverse impacts, especially on poorer countries. G: Ways to strengthen the catalytic role of the Convention in encouraging multilateral bodies, the public and private sectors and civil society, building on synergies among activities and processes, as a means to support mitigation in a coherent and integrated manner; 85. On synergy with national and international processes Accelerate progress within the ICAO and IMO to address emissions from international aviation and maritime transport, respectively, in cooperation with processes under the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. Consideration should be given to the implications for SIDS arising from proposed actions to address emissions from bunker fuels.
